Component: Picket Fence Free Fall Reference: p. 5-1 to 5-4
USE TECHNOLOGY AND MATHEMATICS TO IMPROVE INVESTIGATIONS AND COMMUNICATIONS. A variety of technologies, such as hand tools, measuring instruments, and calculators, should be an integral component of scientific investigations. The use of computers for the collection, analysis, and display of data is also a part of this standard. Mathematics plays an essential role in all aspects of an inquiry. For example, measurement is used for posing questions, formulas are used for developing explanations, and charts and graphs are used for communicating results. [Content Standard A, 9-12]
Component: Bungee Jump Accelerations Reference: p. 7-1 to 7-4
+ Objects change their motion only when a net force is applied. Laws of motion are used to calculate precisely the effects of forces on the motion of objects. The magnitude of the change in motion can be calculated using the relationship F = ma, which is independent of the nature of the force. Whenever one object exerts force on another, a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction is exerted on the first object. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Occasionally, there are advances in science and technology that have important and long-lasting effects on science and society. Examples of such advances include the following Copernican revolution Newtonian mechanics Relativity Geologic time scale Plate tectonics Atomic theory Nuclear physics Biological evolution Germ theory Industrial revolution Molecular biology Information and communication Quantum theory Galactic universe Medical and health technology [Content Standard G, 9-12]
Component: Projectile Motion Reference: p. 8-1 to 8-4
+ Objects change their motion only when a net force is applied. Laws of motion are used to calculate precisely the effects of forces on the motion of objects. The magnitude of the change in motion can be calculated using the relationship F = ma, which is independent of the nature of the force. Whenever one object exerts force on another, a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction is exerted on the first object. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Newton's Second Law Reference: p. 9-1 to 9-4
+ Objects change their motion only when a net force is applied. Laws of motion are used to calculate precisely the effects of forces on the motion of objects. The magnitude of the change in motion can be calculated using the relationship F = ma, which is independent of the nature of the force. Whenever one object exerts force on another, a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction is exerted on the first object. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
+ Gravitation is a universal force that each mass exerts on any other mass. The strength of the gravitational attractive force between two masses is proportional to the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
+ Occasionally, there are advances in science and technology that have important and long-lasting effects on science and society. Examples of such advances include the following Copernican revolution Newtonian mechanics Relativity Geologic time scale Plate tectonics Atomic theory Nuclear physics Biological evolution Germ theory Industrial revolution Molecular biology Information and communication Quantum theory Galactic universe Medical and health technology [Content Standard G, 9-12]
Component: Atwood's Machine Reference: p. 10-1 to 10-4
+ Objects change their motion only when a net force is applied. Laws of motion are used to calculate precisely the effects of forces on the motion of objects. The magnitude of the change in motion can be calculated using the relationship F = ma, which is independent of the nature of the force. Whenever one object exerts force on another, a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction is exerted on the first object. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Newton's Third Law Reference: p. 11-1 to 11-3
+ Objects change their motion only when a net force is applied. Laws of motion are used to calculate precisely the effects of forces on the motion of objects. The magnitude of the change in motion can be calculated using the relationship F = ma, which is independent of the nature of the force. Whenever one object exerts force on another, a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction is exerted on the first object. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
+ Occasionally, there are advances in science and technology that have important and long-lasting effects on science and society. Examples of such advances include the following Copernican revolution Newtonian mechanics Relativity Geologic time scale Plate tectonics Atomic theory Nuclear physics Biological evolution Germ theory Industrial revolution Molecular biology Information and communication Quantum theory Galactic universe Medical and health technology [Content Standard G, 9-12]
Component: Static and Kinetic Friction Reference: p. 12-1 to 12-6
+ Objects change their motion only when a net force is applied. Laws of motion are used to calculate precisely the effects of forces on the motion of objects. The magnitude of the change in motion can be calculated using the relationship F = ma, which is independent of the nature of the force. Whenever one object exerts force on another, a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction is exerted on the first object. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
+ Between any two charged particles, electric force is vastly greater than the gravitational force. Most observable forces such as those exerted by a coiled spring or friction may be traced to electric forces acting between atoms and molecules. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Air Resistance Reference: p. 13-1 to 13-3
+ Gravitation is a universal force that each mass exerts on any other mass. The strength of the gravitational attractive force between two masses is proportional to the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Simple Harmonic Motion Reference: p. 15-1 to 15-4
+ Objects change their motion only when a net force is applied. Laws of motion are used to calculate precisely the effects of forces on the motion of objects. The magnitude of the change in motion can be calculated using the relationship F = ma, which is independent of the nature of the force. Whenever one object exerts force on another, a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction is exerted on the first object. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Energy of a Tossed Ball Reference: p. 16-1 to 16-4
+ Gravitation is a universal force that each mass exerts on any other mass. The strength of the gravitational attractive force between two masses is proportional to the masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
+ All energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion; potential energy, which depends on relative position; or energy contained by a field, such as electromagnetic waves. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
+ The distribution and abundance of organisms and populations in ecosystems are limited by the availability of matter and energy and the ability of the ecosystem to recycle materials. [Content Standard C, 9-12]
Component: Energy in Simple Harmonic Motion Reference: p. 17-1 to 17-4
+ Objects change their motion only when a net force is applied. Laws of motion are used to calculate precisely the effects of forces on the motion of objects. The magnitude of the change in motion can be calculated using the relationship F = ma, which is independent of the nature of the force. Whenever one object exerts force on another, a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction is exerted on the first object. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
+ Between any two charged particles, electric force is vastly greater than the gravitational force. Most observable forces such as those exerted by a coiled spring or friction may be traced to electric forces acting between atoms and molecules. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
+ All energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion; potential energy, which depends on relative position; or energy contained by a field, such as electromagnetic waves. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
+ The distribution and abundance of organisms and populations in ecosystems are limited by the availability of matter and energy and the ability of the ecosystem to recycle materials. [Content Standard C, 9-12]
+ Occasionally, there are advances in science and technology that have important and long-lasting effects on science and society. Examples of such advances include the following Copernican revolution Newtonian mechanics Relativity Geologic time scale Plate tectonics Atomic theory Nuclear physics Biological evolution Germ theory Industrial revolution Molecular biology Information and communication Quantum theory Galactic universe Medical and health technology [Content Standard G, 9-12]
Component: Work and Energy Reference: p. 18-1 to 18-7
+ Between any two charged particles, electric force is vastly greater than the gravitational force. Most observable forces such as those exerted by a coiled spring or friction may be traced to electric forces acting between atoms and molecules. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
+ All energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion; potential energy, which depends on relative position; or energy contained by a field, such as electromagnetic waves. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
+ Occasionally, there are advances in science and technology that have important and long-lasting effects on science and society. Examples of such advances include the following Copernican revolution, Newtonian mechanics, Relativity, Geologic time scale, Plate tectonics, Atomic theory, Nuclear physics, Biological evolution, Germ theory, Industrial revolution, Molecular biology, Information and communication, Quantum theory, Galactic universe, Medical and health technology [Content Standard G, 9-12]
Component: Momentum, Energy and Collisions Reference: p. 19-1 to 19-4
+ All energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion; potential energy, which depends on relative position; or energy contained by a field, such as electromagnetic waves. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Sound Waves and Beats
Reference: p. 21-1 to 21-5
+ Waves, including sound and seismic waves, waves on water, and light waves, have energy and can
transfer energy when they interact with matter. [Content Standard B, 9-12] [See Content Standard D (grades 9-12)]
Component: Tones, Vowels and Telephone
Reference: p. 22-1 to 22-4
+ Waves, including sound and seismic waves, waves on water, and light waves, have energy and can
transfer energy when they interact with matter. [Content Standard B, 9-12] [See Content Standard D (grades 9-12)]
Component: Mathematics of Music
Reference: p. 23-1 to 23-4
+ Waves, including sound and seismic waves, waves on water, and light waves, have energy and can
transfer energy when they interact with matter. [Content Standard B, 9-12] [See Content Standard D (grades 9-12)]
Component: Speed of Sound
Reference: p. 24-1 to 24-3
+ Waves, including sound and seismic waves, waves on water, and light waves, have energy and can
transfer energy when they interact with matter. [Content Standard B, 9-12] [See Content Standard D (grades 9-12)]
Component: Ohm's Law
Reference: p. 25-1 to 25-4
USE TECHNOLOGY AND MATHEMATICS TO IMPROVE INVESTIGATIONS AND
COMMUNICATIONS. A variety of technologies, such as hand tools, measuring instruments, and calculators,
should be an integral component of scientific investigations. The use of computers for the collection, analysis, and
display of data is also a part of this standard. Mathematics plays an essential role in all aspects of an inquiry. For
example, measurement is used for posing questions, formulas are used for developing explanations, and charts and
graphs are used for communicating results. [Content Standard A, 9-12]
+ All energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion; potential
energy, which depends on relative position; or energy contained by a field, such as electromagnetic waves.
[Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Series and Parallel Circuits
Reference: p. 26-1 to 26-6
USE TECHNOLOGY AND MATHEMATICS TO IMPROVE INVESTIGATIONS AND
COMMUNICATIONS. A variety of technologies, such as hand tools, measuring instruments, and calculators,
should be an integral component of scientific investigations. The use of computers for the collection, analysis, and
display of data is also a part of this standard. Mathematics plays an essential role in all aspects of an inquiry. For
example, measurement is used for posing questions, formulas are used for developing explanations, and charts and
graphs are used for communicating results. [Content Standard A, 9-12]
+ All energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion; potential
energy, which depends on relative position; or energy contained by a field, such as electromagnetic waves.
[Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Capacitors
Reference: p. 27-1 to 27-4
USE TECHNOLOGY AND MATHEMATICS TO IMPROVE INVESTIGATIONS AND
COMMUNICATIONS. A variety of technologies, such as hand tools, measuring instruments, and calculators,
should be an integral component of scientific investigations. The use of computers for the collection, analysis, and
display of data is also a part of this standard. Mathematics plays an essential role in all aspects of an inquiry. For
example, measurement is used for posing questions, formulas are used for developing explanations, and charts and
graphs are used for communicating results. [Content Standard A, 9-12]
+ All energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion; potential
energy, which depends on relative position; or energy contained by a field, such as electromagnetic waves.
[Content Standard B, 9-12]
+ In some materials, such as metals, electrons flow easily, whereas in insulating materials such as glass
they can hardly flow at all. Semiconducting materials have intermediate behavior. At low temperatures some
materials become superconductors and offer no resistance to the flow of electrons. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: The Magnetic Field in a Coil
Reference: p. 28-1 to 28-4
USE TECHNOLOGY AND MATHEMATICS TO IMPROVE INVESTIGATIONS AND
COMMUNICATIONS. A variety of technologies, such as hand tools, measuring instruments, and calculators,
should be an integral component of scientific investigations. The use of computers for the collection, analysis, and
display of data is also a part of this standard. Mathematics plays an essential role in all aspects of an inquiry. For
example, measurement is used for posing questions, formulas are used for developing explanations, and charts and
graphs are used for communicating results. [Content Standard A, 9-12]
Component: The Magnetic Field in a Slinky
Reference: p. 29-1 to 29-5
USE TECHNOLOGY AND MATHEMATICS TO IMPROVE INVESTIGATIONS AND
COMMUNICATIONS. A variety of technologies, such as hand tools, measuring instruments, and calculators,
should be an integral component of scientific investigations. The use of computers for the collection, analysis, and
display of data is also a part of this standard. Mathematics plays an essential role in all aspects of an inquiry. For
example, measurement is used for posing questions, formulas are used for developing explanations, and charts and
graphs are used for communicating results. [Content Standard A, 9-12]
Component: Electrical Energy
Reference: p. 30-1 to 30-4
+ Gravitation is a universal force that each mass exerts on any other mass. The strength of the
gravitational attractive force between two masses is proportional to the masses and inversely proportional to the
square of the distance between them. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
+ All energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion; potential
energy, which depends on relative position; or energy contained by a field, such as electromagnetic waves.
[Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Polarization of Light
Reference: p. 31-1 to 31-3
+ Waves, including sound and seismic waves, waves on water, and light waves, have energy and can
transfer energy when they interact with matter. [Content Standard B, 9-12] [See Content Standard D (grades 9-12)]
Component: How Light Intensity Varies with Distance
Reference: p. 32-1 to 32-4
+ Electromagnetic waves result when a charged object is accelerated or decelerated. Electromagnetic
waves include radio waves (the longest wavelength), microwaves, infrared radiation (radiant heat), visible light,
ultraviolet radiation, x-rays, and gamma rays. The energy of electromagnetic waves is carried in packets whose
magnitude is inversely proportional to the wavelength. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Newton's Law of Cooling
Reference: p. 33-1 to 33-3
+ Everything tends to become less organized and less orderly over time. Thus, in all energy transfers, the
overall effect is that the energy is spread out uniformly. Examples are the transfer of energy from hotter to cooler
objects by conduction, radiation, or convection and the warming of our surroundings when we burn fuels. [Content
Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Temperature Probe Response Time
Reference: Page 1-1
+ Energy is a property of many substances and is associated with heat, light, electricity, mechanical
motion, sound, nuclei, and the nature of a chemical. Energy is transferred in many ways. [Content Standard B, 5-8]
+ Heat moves in predictable ways, flowing from warmer objects to cooler ones, until both reach the same
temperature. [Content Standard B, 5-8]
+ Everything tends to become less organized and less orderly over time. Thus, in all energy transfers, the
overall effect is that the energy is spread out uniformly. Examples are the transfer of energy from hotter to cooler
objects by conduction, radiation, or convection and the warming of our surroundings when we burn fuels. [Content
Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Boiling Temperature of Isopropyl Alcohol
Reference: Page 2-1
+ A substance has characteristic properties, such as density, a boiling point, and solubility, all of which are
independent of the amount of the sample. A mixture of substances often can be separated into the original
substances using one or more of the characteristic properties. [Content Standard B, 5-8]
Component: Freezing and Melting of Water
Reference: Page 3-1
+ A substance has characteristic properties, such as density, a boiling point, and solubility, all of which are
independent of the amount of the sample. A mixture of substances often can be separated into the original
substances using one or more of the characteristic properties. [Content Standard B, 5-8]
Component: Evaporation of Alcohols
Reference: Page 4-1
+ Objects have many observable properties, including size, weight, shape, color, temperature, and the
ability to react with other substances. Those properties can be measured using tools, such as rulers, balances, and
thermometers. [Content Standard B, K-4]
+ Heat moves in predictable ways, flowing from warmer objects to cooler ones, until both reach the same
temperature. [Content Standard B, 5-8]
+ Chemical reactions may release or consume energy. Some reactions such as the burning of fossil fuels
release large amounts of energy by losing heat and by emitting light. Light can initiate many chemical reactions
such as photosynthesis and the evolution of urban smog. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Endothermic and Exothermic Reactions
Reference:
Page 5-1
+ Objects have many observable properties, including size, weight, shape, color, temperature, and the
ability to react with other substances. Those properties can be measured using tools, such as rulers, balances, and
thermometers. [Content Standard B, K-4]
+ Heat moves in predictable ways, flowing from warmer objects to cooler ones, until both reach the same
temperature. [Content Standard B, 5-8]
+ Chemical reactions may release or consume energy. Some reactions such as the burning of fossil fuels
release large amounts of energy by losing heat and by emitting light. Light can initiate many chemical reactions
such as photosynthesis and the evolution of urban smog. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Neutralization Reactions
Reference: Page 6-1
+ The physical properties of compounds reflect the nature of the interactions among its molecules. These
interactions are determined by the structure of the molecule, including the constituent atoms and the distances and
angles between them. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
+ A large number of important reactions involve the transfer of either electrons (oxidation/reduction
reactions) or hydrogen ions (acid/base reactions) between reacting ions, molecules, or atoms. In other reactions,
chemical bonds are broken by heat or light to form very reactive radicals with electrons ready to form new bonds.
Radical reactions control many processes such as the presence of ozone and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,
burning and processing of fossil fuels, the formation of polymers, and explosions. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Mixing Warm and Cold Water
Reference: Page 7-1
+ Energy is a property of many substances and is associated with heat, light, electricity, mechanical
motion, sound, nuclei, and the nature of a chemical. Energy is transferred in many ways. [Content Standard B, 5-8]
+ Heat moves in predictable ways, flowing from warmer objects to cooler ones, until both reach the same
temperature. [Content Standard B, 5-8]
Component: Heat of Fusion
Reference: Page 8-1
+ Materials can exist in different states--solid, liquid, and gas. Some common materials, such as water, can
be changed from one state to another by heating or cooling. [Content Standard B, K-4]
Component: Energy Content of Fuels
Reference: Page 9-1
+ All energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion; potential energy,
which depends on relative position; or energy contained by a field, such as electromagnetic waves. [Content
Standard B, 9-12]
+ Selection of foods and eating patterns determine nutritional balance. Nutritional balance has a direct
effect on growth and development and personal well-being. Personal and social factors--such as habits, family
income, ethnic heritage, body size, advertising, and peer pressure--influence nutritional choices. [Content Standard
F, 9-12]
Component: Energy Content of Foods
Reference: Page 10-1
+ The human organism has systems for digestion, respiration, reproduction, circulation, excretion,
movement, control, and coordination, and for protection from disease. These systems interact with one another.
[Content Standard C, 5-8]
+ Food provides energy and nutrients for growth and development. Nutrition requirements vary with body
weight, age, sex, activity, and body functioning. [Content Standard F, 5-8]
+ All energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion; potential energy,
which depends on relative position; or energy contained by a field, such as electromagnetic waves. [Content
Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Absorption of Radiant Energy
Reference: Page 11-1
+ Energy is a property of many substances and is associated with heat, light, electricity, mechanical
motion, sound, nuclei, and the nature of a chemical. Energy is transferred in many ways. [Content Standard B, 5-8]
+ Light interacts with matter by transmission (including refraction), absorption, or scattering (including
reflection). To see an object, light from that object--emitted by or scattered from it--must enter the eye. [Content
Standard B, 5-8]
Component: An Insulated Cola Bottle
Reference:
Page 12-1
+ Heat moves in predictable ways, flowing from warmer objects to cooler ones, until both reach the same
temperature. [Content Standard B, 5-8]
+ Light interacts with matter by transmission (including refraction), absorption, or scattering (including
reflection). To see an object, light from that object--emitted by or scattered from it--must enter the eye. [Content
Standard B, 5-8]
+ Everything tends to become less organized and less orderly over time. Thus, in all energy transfers, the
overall effect is that the energy is spread out uniformly. Examples are the transfer of energy from hotter to cooler
objects by conduction, radiation, or convection and the warming of our surroundings when we burn fuels. [Content
Standard B, 9-12]
+ Electromagnetic waves result when a charged object is accelerated or decelerated. Electromagnetic waves
include radio waves (the longest wavelength), microwaves, infrared radiation (radiant heat), visible light, ultraviolet
radiation, x-rays, and gamma rays. The energy of electromagnetic waves is carried in packets whose magnitude is
inversely proportional to the wavelength. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: A Good Sock
Reference: Page 13-1
+ Heat moves in predictable ways, flowing from warmer objects to cooler ones, until both reach the same
temperature. [Content Standard B, 5-8]
+ Everything tends to become less organized and less orderly over time. Thus, in all energy transfers, the
overall effect is that the energy is spread out uniformly. Examples are the transfer of energy from hotter to cooler
objects by conduction, radiation, or convection and the warming of our surroundings when we burn fuels. [Content
Standard B, 9-12]
+ Electromagnetic waves result when a charged object is accelerated or decelerated. Electromagnetic waves
include radio waves (the longest wavelength), microwaves, infrared radiation (radiant heat), visible light, ultraviolet
radiation, x-rays, and gamma rays. The energy of electromagnetic waves is carried in packets whose magnitude is
inversely proportional to the wavelength. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Insulation Angle
Reference: Page 14-1
+ Light interacts with matter by transmission (including refraction), absorption, or scattering (including
reflection). To see an object, light from that object--emitted by or scattered from it--must enter the eye. [Content
Standard B, 5-8]
+ The sun is the major source of energy for phenomena on the earth's surface, such as growth of plants,
winds, ocean currents, and the water cycle. Seasons result from variations in the amount of the sun's energy hitting
the surface, due to the tilt of the earth's rotation on its axis and the length of the day. [Content Standard D, 5-8]
Component: Solar Homes and Heat Sinks
Reference: Page 15-1
+ Heat moves in predictable ways, flowing from warmer objects to cooler ones, until both reach the same
temperature. [Content Standard B, 5-8]
+ The sun is a major source of energy for changes on the earth's surface. The sun loses energy by emitting
light. A tiny fraction of that light reaches the earth, transferring energy from the sun to the earth. The sun's energy
arrives as light with a range of wavelengths, consisting of visible light, infrared, and ultraviolet radiation.
+ The earth is the third planet from the sun in a system that includes the moon, the sun, eight other planets
and their moons, and smaller objects, such as asteroids and comets. The sun, an average star, is the central and
largest body in the solar system. [Content Standard D, 5-8] [See Unifying Concepts and Processes]
+ The sun is the major source of energy for phenomena on the earth's surface, such as growth of plants,
winds, ocean currents, and the water cycle. Seasons result from variations in the amount of the sun's energy hitting
the surface, due to the tilt of the earth's rotation on its axis and the length of the day. [Content Standard D, 5-8]
+ Earth systems have internal and external sources of energy, both of which create heat. The sun is the
major external source of energy. Two primary sources of internal energy are the decay of radioactive isotopes and
the gravitational energy from the earth's original formation. [Content Standard D, 9-12]
Component: Conducting Solutions
Reference: Page 16-1
+ Everything tends to become less organized and less orderly over time. Thus, in all energy transfers, the
overall effect is that the energy is spread out uniformly. Examples are the transfer of energy from hotter to cooler
objects by conduction, radiation, or convection and the warming of our surroundings when we burn fuels. [Content
Standard B, 9-12]
+ In some materials, such as metals, electrons flow easily, whereas in insulating materials such as glass
they can hardly flow at all. Semiconducting materials have intermediate behavior. At low temperatures some
materials become superconductors and offer no resistance to the flow of electrons. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Saltwater Conductivity: Concentration Effects
Reference: Page 17-1
+ In some materials, such as metals, electrons flow easily, whereas in insulating materials such as glass
they can hardly flow at all. Semiconducting materials have intermediate behavior. At low temperatures some
materials become superconductors and offer no resistance to the flow of electrons. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Acid Strengths
Reference:
Page 18-1
+ A large number of important reactions involve the transfer of either electrons (oxidation/reduction
reactions) or hydrogen ions (acid/base reactions) between reacting ions, molecules, or atoms. In other reactions,
chemical bonds are broken by heat or light to form very reactive radicals with electrons ready to form new bonds.
Radical reactions control many processes such as the presence of ozone and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,
burning and processing of fossil fuels, the formation of polymers, and explosions. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Frictional Forces
Reference: Page 19-1
+ If more than one force acts on an object along a straight line, then the forces will reinforce or cancel one
another, depending on their direction and magnitude. Unbalanced forces will cause changes in the speed or
direction of an object's motion. [Content Standard B, 5-8]
+ Objects change their motion only when a net force is applied. Laws of motion are used to calculate
precisely the effects of forces on the motion of objects. The magnitude of the change in motion can be calculated
using the relationship F = ma, which is independent of the nature of the force. Whenever one object exerts force on
another, a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction is exerted on the first object. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
+ Between any two charged particles, electric force is vastly greater than the gravitational force. Most
observable forces such as those exerted by a coiled spring or friction may be traced to electric forces acting between
atoms and molecules. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Reflectivity of Light
Reference: Page 23-1
+ Light interacts with matter by transmission (including refraction), absorption, or scattering (including
reflection). To see an object, light from that object--emitted by or scattered from it--must enter the eye. [Content
Standard B, 5-8]
Component: Polaroid Filters
Reference: Page 24-1
+ Waves, including sound and seismic waves, waves on water, and light waves, have energy and can
transfer energy when they interact with matter. [Content Standard B, 9-12] [See Content Standard D (grades 9-12)]
Component: Electromagnets: Winding Things Up
Reference: Page 26-1
+ All energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion; potential energy,
which depends on relative position; or energy contained by a field, such as electromagnetic waves. [Content
Standard B, 9-12]
+ Electromagnetic waves result when a charged object is accelerated or decelerated. Electromagnetic waves
include radio waves (the longest wavelength), microwaves, infrared radiation (radiant heat), visible light, ultraviolet
radiation, x-rays, and gamma rays. The energy of electromagnetic waves is carried in packets whose magnitude is
inversely proportional to the wavelength. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Magnetic Field Explorations
Reference: Page 27-1
+ All energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion; potential energy,
which depends on relative position; or energy contained by a field, such as electromagnetic waves. [Content
Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Household Acids and Bases
Reference: Page 28-1
+ A large number of important reactions involve the transfer of either electrons (oxidation/reduction
reactions) or hydrogen ions (acid/base reactions) between reacting ions, molecules, or atoms. In other reactions,
chemical bonds are broken by heat or light to form very reactive radicals with electrons ready to form new bonds.
Radical reactions control many processes such as the presence of ozone and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,
burning and processing of fossil fuels, the formation of polymers, and explosions. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Acid Rain
Reference: Page 29-1
+ A large number of important reactions involve the transfer of either electrons (oxidation/reduction
reactions) or hydrogen ions (acid/base reactions) between reacting ions, molecules, or atoms. In other reactions,
chemical bonds are broken by heat or light to form very reactive radicals with electrons ready to form new bonds.
Radical reactions control many processes such as the presence of ozone and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,
burning and processing of fossil fuels, the formation of polymers, and explosions. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Gas Pressure and Volume
Reference: Page 30-1
+ Occasionally, there are advances in science and technology that have important and long-lasting effects
on science and society. Examples of such advances include the following Copernican revolution Newtonian
mechanics Relativity Geologic time scale Plate tectonics Atomic theory Nuclear physics Biological evolution Germ
theory Industrial revolution Molecular biology Information and communication Quantum theory Galactic universe
Medical and health technology [Content Standard G, 9-12]
Component: Gas Temperature and Pressure
Reference: Page 31-1
+ Occasionally, there are advances in science and technology that have important and long-lasting effects
on science and society. Examples of such advances include the following Copernican revolution Newtonian
mechanics Relativity Geologic time scale Plate tectonics Atomic theory Nuclear physics Biological evolution Germ
theory Industrial revolution Molecular biology Information and communication Quantum theory Galactic universe
Medical and health technology [Content Standard G, 9-12]
Component: Lemon "Juice"
Reference: Page 33-1
+ Electrical circuits provide a means of transferring electrical energy when heat, light, sound, and
chemical changes are produced. [Content Standard B, 5-8]
+ A large number of important reactions involve the transfer of either electrons (oxidation/reduction
reactions) or hydrogen ions (acid/base reactions) between reacting ions, molecules, or atoms. In other reactions,
chemical bonds are broken by heat or light to form very reactive radicals with electrons ready to form new bonds.
Radical reactions control many processes such as the presence of ozone and greenhouse gases in the atmosphere,
burning and processing of fossil fuels, the formation of polymers, and explosions. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
+ All energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion; potential
energy, which depends on relative position; or energy contained by a field, such as electromagnetic waves.
[Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Lead Storage Batteries
Reference: Page 34-1
+ Electrical circuits provide a means of transferring electrical energy when heat, light, sound, and
chemical changes are produced. [Content Standard B, 5-8]
+ All energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion; potential
energy, which depends on relative position; or energy contained by a field, such as electromagnetic waves.
[Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: It's Race Day
Reference: Page 37-1
+ All energy can be considered to be either kinetic energy, which is the energy of motion; potential
energy, which depends on relative position; or energy contained by a field, such as electromagnetic waves.
[Content Standard B, 9-12]
Component: Momentum: A Crash Lesson
Reference: Page 38-1
+ An object that is not being subjected to a force will continue to move at a constant speed and in a
straight line. [Content Standard B, 5-8]
Chapter 6: Science Content Standards: 5-8 : Physical Science : CONTENT STANDARD B:
Component: Newton's Second Law
Reference: Page 39-1
+ The motion of an object can be described by its position, direction of motion, and speed. That motion
can be measured and represented on a graph. [Content Standard B, 5-8] [See Content Standard D (grades 5-8)]
+ Gravity is the force that keeps planets in orbit around the sun and governs the rest of the motion in the
solar system. Gravity alone holds us to the earth's surface and explains the phenomena of the tides. [Content
Standard D, 5-8]
+ Objects change their motion only when a net force is applied. Laws of motion are used to calculate
precisely the effects of forces on the motion of objects. The magnitude of the change in motion can be calculated
using the relationship F = ma, which is independent of the nature of the force. Whenever one object exerts force on
another, a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction is exerted on the first object. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
+ Occasionally, there are advances in science and technology that have important and long-lasting effects
on science and society. Examples of such advances include the following Copernican revolution Newtonian
mechanics Relativity Geologic time scale Plate tectonics Atomic theory Nuclear physics Biological evolution Germ
theory Industrial revolution Molecular biology Information and communication Quantum theory Galactic universe
Medical and health technology [Content Standard G, 9-12]
Component: Acceleration Due to Gravity
Reference: Page 40-1
+ The motion of an object can be described by its position, direction of motion, and speed. That motion
can be measured and represented on a graph. [Content Standard B, 5-8] [See Content Standard D (grades 5-8)]
+ Objects change their motion only when a net force is applied. Laws of motion are used to calculate
precisely the effects of forces on the motion of objects. The magnitude of the change in motion can be calculated
using the relationship F = ma, which is independent of the nature of the force. Whenever one object exerts force on
another, a force equal in magnitude and opposite in direction is exerted on the first object. [Content Standard B, 9-12]
+ Occasionally, there are advances in science and technology that have important and long-lasting effects
on science and society. Examples of such advances include the following Copernican revolution Newtonian
mechanics Relativity Geologic time scale Plate tectonics Atomic theory Nuclear physics Biological evolution Germ
theory Industrial revolution Molecular biology Information and communication Quantum theory Galactic universe
Medical and health technology [Content Standard G, 9-12]
Component: Graphing Your Motion
Reference: Page 41-1
+ The motion of an object can be described by its position, direction of motion, and speed. That motion
can be measured and represented on a graph. [Content Standard B, 5-8] [See Content Standard D (grades 5-8)]